In accordance with the COPE guidelines “retraction is a mechanism for correcting the literature and alerting readers to articles that contain such seriously flawed or erroneous content or data that their findings and conclusions cannot be relied upon”

Reasons for potential retraction include:

• Clear evidence that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of major error (eg, miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (eg, of data) or falsification (eg, image manipulation);
• It constitutes plagiarism;
• The findings have previously been published elsewhere without proper attribution to previous sources or disclosure to the editor, permission to republish, or justification (ie, cases of redundant publication);
• It contains material or data without authorisation for use;
• Copyright has been infringed or there is some other serious legal issue (eg, libel, privacy);
• It reports unethical research;
• It has been published solely on the basis of a compromised or manipulated peer review process;
• The author(s) failed to disclose a major competing interest that, in the view of the editor, would have unduly affected interpretations of the work or recommendations by editors and peer reviewers.

Retraction of an article may occur at the initiative of the author(s), the editorial board, or at the request of readers. Requests for retraction are carefully examined by the editorial board to make a final decision. If necessary, the editorial board consults with the authors and the institutions where the authors work.

After making a decision to withdraw the article, the editorial board informs the author team. The article remains on the journal’s website in the relevant issue, but the electronic version of the text is marked “RETRACTED.” The same note is placed in the table of contents of the relevant issue before the title of the article.

For retracted publications (on the publication’s website and in the printed version), a corresponding statement of retraction is published in the nearest issue under the title “Retraction: [Article Title]” indicating the reasons for the retraction, which is assigned a DOI identifier.

Authors of an article under consideration may submit a request for the retraction of their manuscript. The corresponding request may be made only before the publication of the article. To retract a manuscript, authors must contact the editorial office with a letter containing a clear and understandable explanation of the reasons for the retraction. The letter must be concise and signed by all authors of the article. In this case, the retracted manuscript will be completely removed from the editorial office’s database, and the copyright remains with the authors of the article.

Corrections

Corrections to articles can be initiated by authors, editors, or readers. When errors are detected, the editorial office assesses their significance and, if necessary, consults with the authors.

Corrections are possible if such corrections do not lead to a change in the conclusions of the published work and do not violate the ethics of publications.

After approval, corrections are published in a separate document linked to the original article, marked "Corrections"

Corrections are accompanied by a corresponding message, which will be displayed in the online version of the article on the Collection website.